High School And College Are Educational Grounds For A Student

High school and college are educational grounds for a student to enrich their life with knowledge. Having an education is an important aspect of life. It is essential in any work field and provides a person with the tools to achieve self-improvement and success. When transitioning from high school to college can be gratifying but also challenging. High School and college are both forms of education; however, they differ in responsibility, grading standards, and teaching standards. To begin with, in high school a student is considered a child; parents and teachers are constantly reminding them of their responsibilities. Whenever a student is absent in a class a teacher will inform the student about their missing work and would often provide†¦show more content†¦While in College students have to take responsibility for themselves. A college student is considered an adult and does not need to be treated like a baby. In college students are expected to register themselves and pick the classes that they want and only ask for help when needed. They are held responsible for getting to class on time, doing their own work, and turning the work in on time. If a student is absent they have to get notes that they missed in class from another student. A professor will not provide the student with missing assignments. Parents of college students are not active in their child’s lives. They have no say in what their child is learning, no access to the childâ⠂¬â„¢s grades and do not bother to make appointments or associate with the professors. A parent cannot see a student’s grade unless they have written permission from the student. It is not required for a student to attended college; it is an option. In college students have to set priorities and have to manage their time, they do not have their parents or professors pushing them to do better or stay focus they have to do all that om their own they are held accountable for themselves. Furthermore, grading standards in high school are completely different from college grading standards. Teachers in high school give grades for all of the work that is assigned. Teachers also give a lot of assignments through the school year.

My Mission Of A Leader - 2643 Words

Introduction Planning to further one’s education is necessary in order to become more marketable and more knowledgeable as a leader. As a sergeant I have learned from my parents as well as other professionals that I should network. Networking is a key component to learning more about oneself by means of other leaders in the same business sector or one of interest. Having connections to other professionals will be beneficial and can afford one the opportunity to ask for advice and potentially gain the job experience that is desired. My mission of a leader is to become one of the most organized and best time managed sergeant with the Georgia Department of Corrections. This will be obtained by providing the highest quality of security and leadership inside and outside of the institution. I will provide the highest quality of customer service to all internal and external customers. My vision is to help my superiors and subordinates to become trained and educated by sharing the experience and knowledge that I have gained throughout my career. As a supervisor, I will continue to seek training, experience and education in order to accomplish this vision. Leadership Theory I find that because the Organizational Theory is one that uses the gathering of employees and supervisors it is one that may be used to describe my style of leadership. These people are placed to work together to achieve a common goal. It is another form of teamwork. Team members may work individually butShow MoreRelatedMy Leadership Credo Mission Accomplishment939 Words   |  4 PagesMy Leadership Credo Mission Accomplishment My training to become a United States Marine began when the bus reached Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina. I was awakened from a sound sleep by a screaming man telling everybody to get off the bus, and get outside on the yellow foot prints. 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Nursing Care Plan For Mrs. Rhonda Green

Questions: 1.In Collaboration with the RN, following State/Territory Nursing and Midwifery Regulatory Authority Standards of Practice for the Enrolled Nurse and acting within the Scope of Nursing Practice Framework, Develop a Nursing Care Plan for Mrs Green.2.Mrs Green has Confided that she has had trouble adjusting to her body Image in Middle age now that she is no longer Fertile. How does her case relate to the Sexual Development stage experienced in Middle age?3.What could you do to contribute to Mrs Greens health teaching, to reduce her Embarrassment about performing ADLs with a Nurse assisting her? 4.Describe two priority needs to be Considered in planning for Mrs. Greens discharge? 5.Identify one Community resource/support service that Mrs Green may need, when discharged?6.Briefly Explain the Developmental Stage, Specifically as it relates to Mrs Green?7.Referring to the information provided in George Grandins case study, write the nursing admission notes, using appropriate terminology an d a holistic approach.8.In collaboration with the client/family member or carer, RN, following State/territory Nursing and Midwifery Regulatory Authority Standards of Practice for the Enrolled Nurse and acting within the Scope of Nursing Practice Framework, develop a nursing care plan for Mr Grandin.9.Following principles of best practice and risk assessment, identify one Stress Management technique that you would recommend for Mr Grandins Nursing Care Plan?10.Identify one appropriate method used to Collect health related Data, as a part of the admission process for Mr Grandin. 11.Considering Mr Grandins Injuries and his low BMI, what regular Nursing Assessments/charts will George need?12.Chronic Illness, coupled with the changes associated with ageing, must be considered when Planning Nursing Care for an Older Client. Provide two Risk Factors for Older people in Hospital.13.Identify two Community resources or support Services that George may need when discharged? 14.Access the relevant websites, to apply one standard from each of the following code/guideline and relevant Act that would be relevant to the Case Study.15.Access the relevant websites, to apply one standard from each of the following code/guideline and relevant Act, that would be relevant to the Case Study.16.Access the relevant websites, to apply one Standard from each of the following codes/guidelines and relevant Act, that would be relevant to the Case Study.17.Access the relevant websites, to apply one standard from each of the following codes/guidelines and relevant Act, that would be relevant to the Case Study. Answers: 1. ADMISSION NOTES DATE: NAME: Mrs. Rhonda Green AGE ON ADMISSION: 50 yrs GENDER: Female RELIGION: Christian CULTURE: LIFESTYLE PATTERNS: Recently gained weight due to menopause COPING MECHANISMS: Weak in coping up with the natural phenomenon SOCIAL: Lives with her husband, have three children CURRENT HEALTH PRACTICE/NEEDS: Need counselling, ADLs treatment for the knee replacement operation ADL ASSESSMENT: DIET OUTPUT MOBILISATION HYGIENE DIET: light healthy food, fruits and vehgetables OUTPUT: MOBILISATION: HYGIENE: FAMILY CONCERNS AND NEEDS RE: CLIENT Her husband need to take excess care to Mrs. Green and provide her with the moral support ADMISSION OBSERVATIONS: T P R BP HEIGHT WEIGHT BMI 36.5 degree celcius 110 22 170/86 Hg/mm NURSING NOTES: (sign off with name, signature and delegation at the end of the notes) Special care based on counselling must be given to the patient. Nursing Care Plan for Mrs. Rhonda Green Nursing diagnosis (patient's need) Planning (Nursing intervention Required) Expected Outcome (Rationale) Age-50years, Female, Temperature- 36.5 degree Celsius, 22-respiration, Heart rate- 110, BP- 170/86m mmHg SPO2- 98% Maintaining of proper position of the extremity of the operated zone (Lentz and Luther 2017) Providing proper measures for the activities that are diverse in nature Encouraging for managing the stress Medication is an important activity on a regular schedule basis (Doenges, Moorhouse and Murr 2014) Investigating the reports of the joint pains, chest pain and restlessness Applying ice packs when required Extremity is mobilized that is to be maintained and must be initiated (Gulanick and Myers 2013) It helps in the reduction of the pain, spasm of the muscles Helps in the reduction of the tension of the muscles, need to promote the sense of control and can focus on the enhancing with the abilities for coping up with the pain Reduction of muscle tension , increases comfort and participation must be facilitated Prior recognition before the breakage of the dislocation of prosthetics, providing opportunity mainly for the intervention that is prompt in general It helps in the pain that may arise due to the post operative method Psychological traumas after menopause (Ang?n, Erden and Can 2015) Depression for sexual activity Counselling Medication, if required Psychotherapy 2.Counseling the best way out for her to recover from the present situation she is facing from. It is the process that can help Mrs. Green to recover herself from the traumatized situation by the process of empathy and guiding her to the normal life style. Counseling can also provide her with spiritual, emotional and psychological supports in the aspect of the present health status as she is facing so that she can completely participate in her family issues as she always used to be (Gulanick and Myers 2013). Making Mrs. Green learn about herself that she can come up with the activities she always used to be in at home, making her teach about the exercises that she need to do for the arthroplasty or for the knee replacement that can help her in overcoming and recover from her present mental and physical status that can lead the avoidance for the re-hospitalization (Butchet et al. 2013). Menopause leads to the clinical depression, erratic behavior and severe anxiety. It is observed that most of the women entered in the menopause phase without going through a disorder in food. Menopause at the same time leads to the fluctuations in hormone, stresses in life and trouble in sleep at night. It also leads to the concern of the body images, infertility as well as aging which contributes for the mood swing and emotional distress in life of women (Snow et al. 2014). It also leads to severe cases of depression. It is observed that women reported about the symptons like stress, anxiety and depressed moods. The sense also decreases at this time. This factors are not at all surprising as physical changes like infertility contributes for the rising of question like purpose and direction of lives for the mid aged women. The women who are deprived from having a child find this phase to be the troubling phase. Depression, Mood, and Sex: The complicated relationship exists between sexuality and mood depression (Doenges, Moorhouse and Murr 2014). Depression might be the reason and inference of sexual problem. Considering an example, the loss of desire in woman leads to the depression and might view that the desire is declining due to the depression in life. It is also been observed that emotion is been affected by mood that causes issues in relationship and finally have an impact in sex life. Low desire in women us the frequent side effect observed due to depression and anxiety. The orgasm is also difficult to happen during phase of depression (Potdar and Shinde 2014). Sexual Side Effects of Antidepressant Drugs: Women suffer from moderate or severe depression as well as anxiety is often been prescribed for the famous antidepressant drug SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). This dtug is effective for curing the phase of depression (Siddiqui et al. 2016). The drug have sexual side effect that eliminate sexual desire, achieving arousal and maintaining it and difficulty in achieving orgasm. The half of the patients taking SSRIs includes fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paraoxetine (Paxil) and Celexa contributes for sexual problem and dysfunction (Kingsberg and Woodard 2015). Substance Abuse and Sex Both Depression and anxiety contributes for substance abuse and the sex regulated with the life changes. The significant reasonsfor avoiding usage of illegal drugs and excessive alcohol should be followed. They posses threat to the health and the relationship and can affect the sexual functionality (Kurpius et al. 2016). The intake of drugs and alcohol leads to the depressant effect that reduces sexual response by affecting the nervous system. 3.Mrs. Green will require a female nurse who will help her for gaining her confidence back for her daily activities of her life for the living If a male nurse is allotted to her, she might not overcome with the embarrassment that she might face if a male nurse assist her during the shower, toileting and getting dressed daily. This may be the reason for Mrs. Green that she skipped daily shower or kept ADLS incomplete. This may made her feel frustrated and she supported it with several ways for escaping the issue from frustrations and the stress she was facing. 4.The two main priorities that Mrs. Green may require are as follows (Ang?n, Erden and Can 2015): She requires urgent counseling forwarded with the medicinal treatment or rehabilitation if required to make her recover from the situation she is facing due to the menopausal condition that she cannot accept. The other priority that can be arranged for Mrs. Green is to take excess of family care and support that can be given by her husband and the support can be given her by her children as well. She need to be given time for the moral support as she is facing the menopause where sexual activities may hamper as per to the view of Mrs. Green. 5.The nurse needs to assess mobility of Mrs. Green before discharging her from the hospital. The nurse also requires for assessing that whether Mrs. Green needs for attending the rehabilitation due to her knee issue (Browne et al. 2014). The process of discharging will occur with the evaluation of healthcare required during her entire stay in the hospital. The education session is also required for her and family for providing the healthcare attention that are needed for her. The discharging of patient will require the nurse to assess her mobility and observed if there are any barriers that might obstruct her progress in stairs, accessing the washroom with safety and the availability of the assistance for helping the activities of her daily life. Besides, rehabilitation she also requires to visit the physiotherapists for going through the exercise and regaining the mobility back. 6.The developmental stage that Mrs. Green is facing are Perimenopause or Pre menopause. It is the stage in which the hormone levels begin to drop down. It takes place just after the age of 40 years. In this phase estrogen levels drop down. In this phase she is being disturbed, mood swings takes place, vagina starts drying up so sexual intercourse becomes a practice of discomfort along with the urinary issues.7. ADMISSION NOTES DATE: NAME: Mr.George Grandin AGE ON ADMISSION: 87 yrs GENDER: Male RELIGION: Christian CULTURE: Spanish LIFESTYLE PATTERNS: Practices Catholics, have strong support network at home and the church COPING MECHANISMS: Need for Metamucil with multivitamins with fish oil supplements SOCIAL: Lives with his wife, daughter got married CURRENT HEALTH PRACTICE/NEEDS: Need to take Metamucil with multivitamins and fish oil supplements ADL ASSESSMENT: DIET OUTPUT MOBILISATION HYGIENE DIET: light healthy food, fruits and vegetables OUTPUT: MOBILISATION: HYGIENE: FAMILY CONCERNS AND NEEDS RE: CLIENT He need family support with some physiotherapy for walking and balancing ADMISSION OBSERVATIONS: T P R BP HEIGHT WEIGHT BMI 36.1 degree Celcius 64 18 170/86 Hg/mm 181 cm 65 kg 18 NURSING NOTES: (sign off with name, signature and delegation at the end of the notes) Special care must be given to Mr. George and regular physiotherapy must be required. He need to take multivitamins and fish oil supplements 8. Nursing diagnosis (patient's need) Planning (Nursing intervention Required) Expected Outcome Actual diagnosis The patient had suffered a fall and suffers from constipation He has to go through physiotherapy treatment in order to reduce pain and also take medicines He should include fibre in his diet beside the medicine he takes His pain will effectively subside (Howcroft, Kofman and Lemaire 2013) His problem of constipation can be removed Actual diagnosis The patient had suffered several bruises The wounded areas have to be properly dressed, otherwise it may lead to infection Properly dressed wound will be healed rapidly and there will be less chance of infection Potential diagnosis He has a chance of developing pressure ulcer Proper air filled mattresses should be used in order to prevent the chances of ulcers and also his positions should be changed constantly. Pressure ulcers will not occur. Potential diagnosis He may be subjected to fall in the future and may Proper risk assessments are to be done He should be careful while movements should take a properly balanced diet to prevent any deficiency disorders in future. By proper risk assessments and important steps taken, he may thereby reduce his chances to fall. 9.The stress management technique, that can be recommended for Mr. Grandin are as follows (Ackley,Ladwig and Makic, 2016): The cause of the stress need to be identified, made the things written, and definitely to find the tentative solution for putting it up at the mind easily Mr. Grandin must read books or the particular stories that may inspirers him and he gets enjoyment, pleasure or spiritual healing He needs to learn to meditate. Practicing deep breathing until he is feeling relaxed. Meditation will help him to calm him down and deep breathing makes a person to be calm Mr. Grandin can keep pet at his place, with whom he can spend some time, as cuddling, playing or spending time with pet is a part of pet therapy program for the elderly people He can visit nearby malls for a change of the regular daily routine and can enjoy different ambience due to the colorful and various stores Mr. Grandin needs to be focused on his own healthcare and mood for refreshing his spirit. 10.In order to collect health related data, a responsible nurse need to undertake the duty of performing the measurement of the vital signs of the patient. This gives a preliminary idea about the patients present condition and the emergency treatments that he will require. Vitals signs basically provide the measurements for the basic functions of the body like body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate and also blood pressure (Storm et al. 2014). The nurse may check the body temperature orally, rectally, axially, by ear and also by skin. Normal temperature of the body usually remains 97.8 degree F and above that, the temperature mainly signifies ill health. The normal pulse rate of an individual would be 60 to 100 beats and presence of any disorder or illness make the pulse rate fluctuate calling for emergency attention. Respiration rate of the individual is the number of breaths that a person can take in one minute and that usually varies from 12 to 16 breaths per minutes. The r espiration rate is found to increase with medical conditions providing a cue of ill health. The blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood on artery all and mainly accounts for 120 mm HG for the systolic pressure and the 80 mm Hg for the diastolic pressure (Berchill, Anderson and oconnor 2015). A high or low pressure will help the nurse to quickly take steps necessary for saving the person from distress.11.The nurse has to be careful for a number of factors and therefore she should maintain a chart that will mainly act as a consort and also as checklist. First of all, as the patient is aged, and has already had a serious fall accident, therefore the nurse should undertake fall risk assessment in order to reduce the risk off fall for the patient in the future (Hill et al. 2016). Moreover he has a number of injuries and therefore proper dressing is very necessary. Wound dressing is a skilled intervention that needs to be properly done for the wound to get well soon. Improper woun d dressing may lead to septic issue harming the health of the individual. The patient also has a chance of pressure ulcers and therefore he has to be applied on proper air filled mattresses so that the pressure may get equally distributed and hence can prevent pressure ulcer (Visvanathan 2014). Besides, his issue of constipation can be treated by medication and also fibers and roughage should be included in his diet to make him relieve from the disorder. 12.The factors that increase the risk of older person staying in the hospital are: Increase in the physical problems like heart diseases, stroke. Chronic pain that leads to fatal causes 13.Treatment of older patients in hospitals are often challenging as nurses often report of more pressure in handling old patients than young adults. Old patients usually have less strength in their movements and often have the risks to loss their balance (Evans et al. 2014). Therefore they are at a higher risk of fall which may cause fracture or even replacements and others. This results in severe pain and loss of quality life. Another risk that closely remains associated with old age is the occurrence of mental disorders like depressions. An old patient often loses her confidence in him as he requires assistance in most of his ADL and therefore often suffers from depression. This in turn leads to harmful effect on both the mental condition which is also reflected in the physical condition of the patient (Singh 2015). Therefore the nurse needs to take the assessment of the risks and prevent patients from getting affected by them. 14.According to the large number of codes of conduct that had been described in the NMCA, the one code that can be truly applicable for the patient is that the nurse should practice her work in safe and competent manner the patient is old and already have suffered a fall. Therefore the nurse should be very much careful in her interventions so that can properly assess the risks in her activities and effectively avoids them. Nurses are personally accountable for the provision of safe as well as competent nursing care. It depends upon the nurse to determine the necessary steps required for complete recovery of the patients and should implement her skills, knowledge, and expertise for providing best service to patients. If a nurse is not sure of the steps she has to take, she should completely disclose it to the supervisor and should never make the patients life at risk (New-Code-of-Professional-Conduct-for-Nurses 2017). If the health of the nurse is not suitable for her to practice her skills, she should immediately seek assistance to redress their health needs. If she has to delegate, she should ensure that the diligence should not affect the patient health. If a nurse practices her skills in safe and secured manner, her patient will be in the best of health. 15.According to the case provided, the code of ethics that can be applied to the case is the value statement 3 which says that nurses should value the diversity of the people. The nurse should not only respect the patients diversity but also pay importance to the patients culture, language and also the backgrounds but should also value her own feelings, thoughts and beliefs about her own cultural similarities and dissimilarities. They should prepare themselves in such a way so that they can develop various cultural knowledge as well as awareness for greater responsiveness to the language spoken (_New-Code-of-Ethics-for-Nurses-August-2008.PDF, 2017). The patient here is very particular about his culture and therefore if the yrse pays importance to his language, he would be very much satisfied and would respond well to the treatment. Besides, playing importance to different communities without discriminating is also very important for her career. Similar behavior should also be practic ed by the nurse among her colleagues so that she can maintain harmony among them as well. 16.The enrolled nurse should also follow the rule of contribution of the formulation of the care plans in collaboration with the registered nurse, individuals and groups. As in case of the patient in the case, the nurse should properly collect and then report the data regarding the functional status and also the health of the individuals and groups (Nursing and Midwifery Board - Competency Standards For The Enrolled Nurse - October 2002). She should also participate with the registered nurse and also the individuals and also groups for the identification of the expected health care outcomes. She should also participate with the RN to evaluate the progress of her patient towards expected outcomes as that had been guided by the RN. 17.The health Practitioner Regulation National Law of Western Australia Act in the year 2010 have been amended and has stated that a nurse could only practice her skills if her name is registered under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law (Western Australia) in the nursing and midwifery profession and her name should be incorporated under the Register of Nurses which is kept under law (Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency - Legislation, 2010). The nurse in the case study should perform her activities only if she is a registered nurse. This is mainly done so that chances of error by inexperienced novice nurses can be avoided. References Ackley, B.J., Ladwig, G.B. and Makic, M.B.F., 2016.Nursing diagnosis handbook: an evidence-based guide to planning care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ang?n, E., Erden, Z. and Can, F., 2015. The effects of clinical pilates exercises on bone mineral density, physical performance and quality of life of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation,28(4), pp.849-858. Ahpra.gov.au. 2017. Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency - Legislation. [online] Available at: https://www.ahpra.gov.au/About-AHPRA/What-We-Do/Legislation.aspx [Accessed 24 Feb. 2017]. Browne, J.A., Sandberg, B.F., D'Apuzzo, M.R. and Novicoff, W.M., 2014. Depression is associated with early postoperative outcomes following total joint arthroplasty: a nationwide database study.The Journal of arthroplasty,29(3), pp.481-483. Burchill, C., Anderson, B. and O'connor, P.C., 2015. Exploration of nurse practices and attitudes related to postoperative vital signs.MedSurg Nursing,24(4), pp.249-256. Butcher, H.K., Bulechek, G.M., Dochterman, J.M.M. and Wagner, C., 2013. Nursing interventions classification (NIC). Elsevier Health Sciences. Doenges, M.E., Moorhouse, M.F. and Murr, A.C., 2014. Nursing care plans: Guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span. FA Davis. Evans, S.J., Sayers, M., Mitnitski, A. and Rockwood, K., 2014. The risk of adverse outcomes in hospitalized older patients in relation to a frailty index based on a comprehensive geriatric assessment.Age and ageing,43(1), pp.127-132. Gulanick, M. and Myers, J.L., 2013. Nursing care plans: nursing diagnosis and intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hill, K.D., Flicker, L., Logiudice, D., Smith, K., Atkinson, D., Hyde, Z., Fenner, S., Skeaf, L., Malay, R. and Boyle, E., 2016. Falls risk assessment outcomes and factors associated with falls for older Indigenous Australians.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,40(6), pp.553-558. Howcroft, J., Kofman, J. and Lemaire, E.D., 2013. Review of fall risk assessment in geriatric populations using inertial sensors.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation,10(1), p.91. Kingsberg, S.A. and Woodard, T., 2015. Female sexual dysfunction: focus on low desire. Obstetrics Gynecology, 125(2), pp.477-486. Kurpius, S.E.R., Hassert, S. and Nicpon, M.F., 2016. 18 Counseling Women at Midlife: A Biopsychosocial Perspective. Handbook of Counseling Women. Lentz, S. and Luther, B., 2017. Nursing Care Management: Influence on Bundled Payments. Orthopaedic Nursing, 36(1), pp.28-33. New-Code-of-Ethics-for-Nurses-August-2008%20(2). 2017. Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia. [online] Available at: https://file:///C:/Users/user00/Downloads/5_New-Code-of-Ethics-for-Nurses-August-2008%20(2).PDF [Accessed 24 Feb. 2017]. 6_New-Code-of-Professional-Conduct-for-Nurses-August-2008-1-%20(2).. 201). Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia. [online] Available at: https://file:///C:/Users/user00/Downloads/6_New-Code-of-Professional-Conduct-for-Nurses-August-2008-1-%20(2).PDF [Accessed 24 Feb. 2017]. _EN-Competency-Standards-August-2008--new-format-%20(1). 2017. national competency standards for the enrolled nurse. [online] Available at: https://file:///C:/Users/user00/Downloads/2_EN-Competency-Standards-August-2008--new-format-%20(1).PDF [Accessed 24 Feb. 2017]. Potdar, N. and Shinde, M., 2014. Psychological problems and coping strategies adopted by post menopausal women. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 3(2), pp.293-300. Siddiqui, F.A., Parveen, N., Mashooque Siddiqui, S. and Shah, I., 2016. DEPRESSION: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF MENOPAUSE ON WOMEN. Women (1997-2032), 8(8). Singh, S.D., 2015. Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age.The International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 2, Issue 2, No. 2, p.73. Snow, R., Granata, J., Ruhil, A.V., Vogel, K., McShane, M. and Wasielewski, R., 2014. Associations between preoperative physical therapy and post-acute care utilization patterns and cost in total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 96(19), p.e165. Storm?Versloot, M.N., Verweij, L., Lucas, C., Ludikhuize, J., Goslings, J.C., Legemate, D.A. and Vermeulen, H., 2014. Clinical relevance of routinely measured vital signs in hospitalized patients: a systematic review.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,46(1), pp.39-49. The Health Legislation Law act, 2010, 2017. [online] Slp.wa.gov.au. Available at: https://www.slp.wa.gov.au/pco/prod/FileStore.nsf/Documents/MRDocument:23813P/$FILE/Health%20Practitioner%20Regulation%20National%20Law%20(WA)%20Act%202010%20-%20[00-d0-07].pdf?OpenElement [Accessed 21 Feb. 2017]. Visvanathan, R., Newbury, J.W. and Chapman, I., 2014. Malnutrition in older people.Geriatric Medicine: An Introduction,4(20), p.216.

Lab Report on Shark Essay Example

Lab Report on Shark Paper New technologies can only add to information we know about previously described species. Different kinds of animals have different body coverings. Marine vertebrates include 5 major groups based on observable features including body covering, among other characteristics: * Fish have skin covered with wet scales * Amphibians have bare skin that is usually moist or wet * Reptiles have skin covered with dry scales * Birds have skin covered with feathers * Mammals have skin covered with hair (fur) OBJECTIVES 1. Learn to use digital photography for visual documentation of specimen. 2. Locate and discuss the external and internal anatomy of the cartilaginous fish. 3. Draw and identify the external and internal features. 4. Describe the function for each feature. METHODOLOGY 1 . The briefing on the experiment is given by the demonstrator. 2. The full images of the specimens and other important features are taken for identification purposes by using white slate board as the background. 3. Ruler is used as a scale. 4. A shark is dissected by the demonstrator. The external and internal features are identified. A summary on the digestive and the reproductive system of a shark is written. 5. The steps how to observe the internal anatomy off stingray is told briefly by the demonstrator. 6. The steps that have been told are followed when observing the internal organ of the stingray. 7. The organs are observed and identified, and their physiological roles are discussed. 8. All the dissection materials are washed, the dissection pan is cleaned and dried and the lab is cleared from any fluid once complete. 9. The students hands are washed thoroughly. 10. A report which using only the materials from the practical is written. RESULTS Snouts Shark Caudal fin Posterior dorsal fin Scales Anterior dorsal fin We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Shark specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Shark specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Shark specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lateral Line eye Spiracle External nards/ nostril Pelvic fin Cloacae Pectoral fin Mouth External gill slits Dissection of Bamboo shark Clappers Originate papilla Pancreas Spleen Duodenum Liver Stomach intestine Kidneys Egg case Egg yolk Rectal gland Spiral valve Placid scale of a shark EXTERNAL ORGANS ORGANS I FUNCTIONS I Mouth I The mouth used to take food and teeth in the mouth are used to hold and tear food rather than to chew it. Gills I The place where the gas exchange occurs which are the oxygenated water must always be flowing over the gill filaments for respiration to occur. I Nostril I Allow sharks to smell and detect chemical in water. Eyes I To see the presence of preys. I Scales I Used for protection against predators and aid in swimming which have a hydrodynamic function. I Fins I The cartilaginous fins are used for the stabilization. I Snouts I Function as electro receptive organ, sensitive to electric charges of prey buried in the ground. INTERNAL ORGANS ORGANS I FUNCTION I Liver I Act as the energy storage and to help keep the shark buoyant. Esophagi I Connects the mouth to the stomach. I Stomach I Food goes here after being consumed. Digestion takes place here. Heart I To pump blood throughout the sharks body. I Pancreas I Secrete the digestive enzyme. I Spleen I It acts as a salt gland, removing excess salt from the blood. I Ovary/ testes I Used in fertilization. I Intestine I Digestive tract just after the stomach. I Kidneys I Filter the excess water and excreted out the cloacae as urine. I Summary on the digestive and the reproductive system in sharks. The structures of the digestive tract are affected by many factors such as the type of food eaten, the level of activity and metabolism, and the size of the animal. The mouth and oral cavity of the shark has evolved according to the type of food the shark eats. Besides that, the shark tooth has evolved from a smooth round tooth to a sharp, serrated triangular tooth which is adapted to feeding on larger prey. Sharks have an expandable stomach to support this eating which is it can receive large quantities in one sitting. This large area for storage allows the sharks metabolism to slow down, allowing it to not have to eat for long periods of time. This is important for any species that scours the open ocean, such as the oceanic white tip shark whose food is widely scattered and whose next meal is far from certain. Furthermore, in order to survive, a shark must eat 0. -3% of its body weight, each day. Indigestible things like very large bone and non-nutritive items, are vomited due to its valve (pyloric valve) can only enters liquid mush. All sharks have a relatively short gut, which is equipped internally with a special valve structure. The valve arrangement slows down the passage of food, allowing digestion to take place more effectively and nutrients to be absorbed more efficiently. In reproductive system in sharks, their eggs are fertilized inside the females body. The male shark has clappers, extensions of the pelvic fins that are used to ranches sperm to the female and fertilize her eggs. Most sharks give birth to live young, but some release eggs that hatch later. There are three types of sharks eggs development which are oviparous, viviparous and ovoviviparous. Oviparous are the sharks that deposit eggs in the ocean and will hatch later if they are not eaten by predators as the eggs are not guarded by their parents. Besides that, in viviparous sharks are give birth to live young which is the eggs hatch inside the females body and the babies are fed by a placenta which transfers nourishment from the mother to the babies. The sharks eggs that hatch and the babies develop inside the females body but there is no placenta to nourish the pups called ovoviviparous. The pups eat any unfertile eggs and each other which is a form of sibling cannibalism. Stingray Caudal filament tail Cloacae Barb Gills Eye Heart Esophagi Gill slits Brain Eggs Gall bladder Intestine Internal organs of stingrays (picture credited to hippopotamus) DISCUSSION 1. Why are the spiracles important? Spiracles provide oxygenated blood directly to the eye and brain through a separate blood vessel which is reduced or absent in active, fast-swimming harks. 2. What does the Lateral Line do? The lateral line system is very important in monitoring depth via atmospheric pressure, allows better hunting abilities which increasing the awareness of the location and movement of prey for the predator and for preys, it helps to keep the animal aware of possible dangers and allows for schooling behavior. 3. How is the sharks digestive system different from human? The digestive system in sharks and human are different in many aspects. Firstly, during the digestion in mouth, most sharks swallowed their large quantity food into their large tomato while human must do some physical digestion by chewing them into smaller pieces. Besides that, in stomach, sharks use very strong stomach acid to break down the food that has been swallowed, while human use lower acidity to break down the food as human has started the break down process starts from the mouth. Last but not least, the digestive system occurs in the intestine where in the sharks, it is called spiral valve. Their intestines are short but have a larger surface area due to the enfolding of the inner surface while we have long intestinal tract with villa which increasing the surface area to absorb nutrients. 4. What is the largest single part of the nervous system? The largest single part of the nervous system in sharks is the brain. 5. What does optic lobe receive information from? The optic lobe receives information from the optic nerve which is from eyes. 6. What does the medulla obligate and cerebellum control? Medulla obligate is a region of the brain that controls many of the sharks spinal reflexes and homeostasis responses.

Free Essays on Taylorism

Modern History Sourcebook: Frederick W. Taylor: The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911 Frederick W. Taylor was a mechanical engineer whose writings on efficiency and scientific management were widely read. The founder of "systems engineering," the selection below is from a collection of his essays published in 1911. The essays were translated into several languages, giving his ideas an influence around the world INTRODUCTION PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT, in his address to the Governors at the White House, prophetically remarked that "The conservation of our national resources is only preliminary to the larger question of national efficiency." The whole country at once recognized the importance of conserving our material resources and a large movement has been started which will be effective in accomplishing this object. As yet, however, we have but vaguely appreciated the importance of "the larger question of increasing our national efficiency." We can see our forests vanishing, our water-powers going to waste, our soil being carried by floods into the sea; and the end of our coal and our iron is in sight. But our larger wastes of human effort, which go on every day through such of our acts as are blundering, ill-directed, or inefficient, and which Mr. Roosevelt refers to as a lack of" national efficiency," are less visible) less tangible, and are but vaguely appreciated. We can see and feel the waste of material things. Awkward, inefficient, or ill-directed movements of men, however, leave nothing visible or tangible behind them. Their appreciation calls for an act of memory, an effort of the imagination. And for this reason, even though our daily loss from this source is greater than from our waste of material things, the one has stirred us deeply, while the other has moved us but little. As yet there has been no public agitation f... Free Essays on Taylorism Free Essays on Taylorism Modern History Sourcebook: Frederick W. Taylor: The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911 Frederick W. Taylor was a mechanical engineer whose writings on efficiency and scientific management were widely read. The founder of "systems engineering," the selection below is from a collection of his essays published in 1911. The essays were translated into several languages, giving his ideas an influence around the world INTRODUCTION PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT, in his address to the Governors at the White House, prophetically remarked that "The conservation of our national resources is only preliminary to the larger question of national efficiency." The whole country at once recognized the importance of conserving our material resources and a large movement has been started which will be effective in accomplishing this object. As yet, however, we have but vaguely appreciated the importance of "the larger question of increasing our national efficiency." We can see our forests vanishing, our water-powers going to waste, our soil being carried by floods into the sea; and the end of our coal and our iron is in sight. But our larger wastes of human effort, which go on every day through such of our acts as are blundering, ill-directed, or inefficient, and which Mr. Roosevelt refers to as a lack of" national efficiency," are less visible) less tangible, and are but vaguely appreciated. We can see and feel the waste of material things. Awkward, inefficient, or ill-directed movements of men, however, leave nothing visible or tangible behind them. Their appreciation calls for an act of memory, an effort of the imagination. And for this reason, even though our daily loss from this source is greater than from our waste of material things, the one has stirred us deeply, while the other has moved us but little. As yet there has been no public agitation f...

Materials in Our Daily Life Essay Example

Materials in Our Daily Life Essay Example Materials in Our Daily Life Essay Materials in Our Daily Life Essay Essay Topic: Life Is Beautiful Materials in Our Daily Life : 95 : 21 Materials in Our Daily Life The basic aim of science is not only to study and understand natural phenomena but also to use this knowledge to make our lives more comfortable. Science and technology have enabled us to develop more economical and convenient methods to recover useful materials from nature and to put them to various uses. Chemistry has enabled us to synthesize new materials which have desired properties, thus, making them even better than natural materials. We need different types of materials to meet our daily needs. Some of them are obtained from nature while others are prepared by man. The materials that we get from nature are called natural materials. Wood, silk, cotton, leather, rubber, coal, etc. are natural materials. However, some materials that we use are manmade. Synthetic textiles like terylene and nylon, cement, glass, plastics, dyes, soap, detergents, fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides are some man-made materials which are commonly used. In this lesson, you will learn about the ways in which various materials are used in making common household items, in construction of houses and other buildings. You will learn about different polymers and their uses in our daily life. In addition, you will learn about the various medicines that help to cure different diseases and keep us healthy. OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: differentiate between natural and man-made materials; name the materials used for making some common household items and for housing purposes; state the principles involved in preparation and properties of some man-made materials in our daily life; list various medicines used in some common diseases; explain harmful effects of man-made materials on the environment. 21. COMMON HOUSEHOLD ITEMS We use many things in our house like candles in case of emergency lighting, ink to write, soaps and detergents to wash our clothes, matchbox to light gas stove or candles and many more. Let us now learn about these items of daily use. : 96 : Materials in Our Daily Life 21. 1. 1 Candles We use candles as emergency light source and for decorative a nd ceremonial purposes. Usually they are made from a mixture of paraffin wax or some other slow-burning substance like tallow (stearic acid). They are commonly made in cylindrical form but are also made in fanciful designs. They contain a wick at their centre. When lighted with a matchstick heat from its flame liquefies the wax of the candle. This liquefied wax rises up along the wick where it is converted into vapour form, which then catches fire. Now a days, candles are made in a variety of colours, shapes and sizes. Some candles are scented and their aroma spreads in the air when lighted while some others can float on water. Nainital (in Uttaranchal) is famous for the variety of beautiful and decorative candles manufactured here. 21. 1. 2 Inks We all use inks in various writing instruments like fountain pens, ball pens, gel pens, roller pens, soft tip pens, etc. Have you ever thought what ink is? Ink is a coloured fluid or a paste that is used for writing or printing. Earlier, black ink, also called India ink, was most widely used. It was made by mixing lamp black or carbon black in water or oil to which some gum was added which stabilized the mixture and also gave it better sticking property. This ink is used even these days but more commonly used inks are solutions of water or alcohol soluble dyes. Inks used in printing are similar in nature but are in the form of thick paste, which has a better sticking property. This is an essential quality as it causes the ink to stick to the typefaces and to paper when it is pressed against it. 21. 1. 3 Soap and detergents We use soap and detergents to wash our clothes. We wash our hands and take bath with soap. Soap and detergents help in removing dirt, oil and grease. How do soap and detergents remove the dirt and grease? What are the chemicals present in them? What is the difference in soaps and detergents? 21. 1. 3a Soap Soap has been in use for at least last three thousand years. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain organic acids (called fatty acids) like stearic acid and palmitic acid. How is soap manufactured? Soap is made by heating oil with sodium hydroxide. The oil and sodium hydroxide solution are fed into an enclosed reaction vessel under high pressure and heated at high temperature. At this temperature, the reaction is completed in a few minutes. The mixture of soap and glycerol is cooled and a concentrated solution of sodium chloride is added. Glycerol dissolves readily in salt solution but soap does not. So, solid soap separates out from the mixture. It is then removed by centrifugation. While still hot it is sprayed into a hot vacuum chamber to dry it. Perfume is added and the particles are compressed into soap cake. Materials in Our Daily Life : 97 : The basic materials used to manufacture soap are animal fats (lard) or vegetable oils (olive oil, neem oil, etc. ) and an alkali, usually sodium hydroxide. Fats and oils are compounds of organic acids (containing 12–14 carbon atoms) and glycerol (commonly called glycerine). When the fat or oil is heated with sodium hydroxide solution, the acids are broken away from glycerol and are neutralized by the alkali to form soap. Soaps produce lather (foam) with soft water. With hard water, which contains calcium and magnesium salts in it, they do not produce lather. Instead they themselves are precipitated as insoluble salts of calcium and magnesium. 21. 1. 3b Detergents Animal fats and vegetable oils are important foodstuffs and ideally should not be used for making something even as important as soap. In their place, long chain sulphonic acids (usually C8 to C22) are used. Sodium or potassium salts of these sulphonic acids are known as detergents. Detergents can be manufactured in solid form (for washing powders) or in liquid form (for shampoos and liquid soaps). Unlike soaps detergents can be used with soft as well as hard water. This is because their calcium and magnesium salts are water soluble. ACTIVITY 21. 1 Aim : To compare the lather forming ability of soap and detergent in soft and hard water. What is required? Four test tubes, two small pieces of soap and detergent cakes. What to do? Take four test tubes. In two of them take some amount of ordinary tap water which is soft water. In one of them add a small piece of soap while in the other add a small amount of some detergent (a small piece or a small amount of powder). Shake both the test tubes. What do you observe? Lather is formed in both the test tubes. Now repeat the above procedure with hard water from a hand pump or a well. You will find that soap does not form lather but detergent does form lather even with hard water. 21. 1. 3c Cleansing action of soap and detergent Soaps and detergents form lather or foam with water. Lather removes grease and dirt particles from clothes. Water by itself cannot do it as it does not wet oily or greasy dirt. Addition of soap or detergents improves the wetting property of water and thus helps in removing oily or greasy dirt. 21. 1. Matchboxes In every house you will find a matchbox. Can you imagine life without it? How would you light up a candle or gas stove without it? : 98 : Materials in Our Daily Life Do you know how a matchstick catches fire? The head of matchstick consists of a mixture of potassium chlorate and antimony trisulphide bound together by glue. The striking surface on the matchbox is a mixture of red phosphorus and p owdered glass held by glue. When a matchstick is struck against the coated surface of the matchbox, some heat is produced that makes the chemicals in the match head react. The heat of this reaction ignites the wood. Be careful Matches must be used carefully. While lighting, it should not be struck so hard on the side of the matchbox that it’s burning head breaks and flies away. This can result in an accident. After using a matchstick, we should not throw it anywhere carelessly. Even when its flame is blown off, the tip of the stick continues to burn slowly as can be seen by the dull red glow at the tip. This is known as after glow. Many accidental fires may occur by this after glow. Therefore, while throwing away a matchstick you should always check that it is completely extinguished and there is no after glow. Sometimes matchsticks are dipped in a solution of borax or sodium carbonate (karborized matches) and dried as a first step in the manufacture of matches. Matchsticks thus treated are completely extinguished when blown away and are safer to use. CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 21. 1 1. Give two examples each of natural and man-made materials? 2. Name the substances used for making candles. 3. What are soaps? 4. Can soap be used with hard water to wash clothes? 5. Which type of matches do we use today? 21. 2 HOUSING MATERIALS In the last section, we learned about some common household items. In this section, we will learn about two important housing materials – cement and glass. 21. 2. 1 Cement Do you know what cement is made of and how is it manufactured? a) Raw materials required: Three main raw materials required for manufacture of cement are as follows: Limestone which is calcium carbonate, CaCO3 Clay which is mainly a mixture of aluminium silicates containing alumina, Al2O3 and silica, SiO2 Gypsum which is CaSO4. 2H2O b) Manufacture: Limestone and clay are mixed in definite proportion and ground to a fine powdery state. This dry powder is used as such or mixed with water to form a paste and heated in a rotary kiln (a type of furnace). It is slowly made to pass through the kiln wherein limestone and clay combine chemically and form a mixture of calcium silicate, CaSiO3 and calcium aluminate, CaAl2O3. This mixture is in the form of small greenish black or grey-coloured Materials in Our Daily Life : 99 : hard balls known as clinkers. These clinkers are allowed to cool down and then ground to very fine powder. To this powder, 2-3% gypsum is added and the mixture is again ground to obtain a grayish coloured powder, which is cement. It is then packed in airtight bags to exclude the moisture. Gypsum is added to decrease the setting time of cement. c) Uses: Cement is one of the most important building materials. It is employed in the construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, etc. For general uses like plastering or laying of bricks, this powder is mixed with sand and water and the resulting thick paste is used for construction purposes. As a result of chemical reactions between water and cement this mixture sets into a hard mass. Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, gravel or small pieces of stone and water. It sets to an extremely hard structure. It is used for making floors and roads. Concrete may be further strengthened by filling it around or over a network of steel rods and allowing it to set. It is known as reinforced concrete cement or R. C. C. Such structures are very strong and are used in construction of pillars, roofs of buildings, roads, bridges and dams. 21. 2. 2 Glass Glass is used for various purposes. You must have seen glasses fitted in windows and doors, looking mirrors, windscreens of vehicles, reading glasses, sunglasses, etc. Have you ever wondered how is glass prepared? What are the raw materials required for manufacturing of different types of glasses? ) Raw materials required: The basic raw materials needed for making glass are: Washing soda which is sodium carbonate, Na2 CO3. Limestone which is calcium carbonate, CaCO3. Sand which is silica, SiO2. b) Manufacture: The raw materials are mixed in a definite proportion. These are then ground and the mixture is heated in a furnace. Sometimes scrap glass is also mixed with other raw materials. By doing so glass can be recycled and it also helps in melting of the mixture. The fused mixture is then allowed to cool. The glass so produced is transparent, non-crystalline and brittle. ) Types of glass and their uses: There are various types of glasses depending upon their composition and the purpose of their use. Soda-lime glass: The glass produced as given above is called sodalime glass or soft glass. It is used for manufacture of bottles ordinary crockery, ordinary laboratory glass apparatus like soda glass test tubes etc. Hard glass: If instead of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate is used for making glass another variety of glass known as hard glass is produced. It can withstand very high temperatures. It is used for making hard glass laboratory apparatus like hard glass test tubes, beakers, conical flasks etc. 100 : Materials in Our Daily Life Borosilicate glass: It is sodium aluminium borosilicate. It can withstand rapid he ating and cooling without breaking. It is used for making kitchenware and laboratory apparatus. It is sold under the trade names Borosil and Pyrex. Flint or optical glass: It is used for making lenses, prisms, spectacles, etc. because of its excellent optical properties. It is composed of alkalis, lead oxide and silica. It is also known as flint glass. A superior variety of optical glasses is made by adding cerium oxide. It cuts harmful ultra violet rays that are harmful to eyes. It is known as Crooke’s glass. Coloured glass: It is made by adding small quantities of oxides of different metals to basic ingredients. Blue glass contains traces of cobalt or copper oxide, green glass contains chromium ferrous oxide, red glass contains selenium oxide. Fibre glass: It is produced by passing molten glass through rotating spinners when it gets converted into fine threads. It is used as an insulating material for heat, electricity and sound in different equipment like electric ovens, geysers, refrigerators, etc. It is also used for reinforcing plastics and rubber to make bodies of cars and scooters and safety helmets. CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 21. 2 1. What is mixed with cement before using it for construction purposes? 2. Which type of glass can withstand rapid heating and cooling without breaking? 3. What is the role of small pieces of stone that are added to cement when it is used to make floor or roads? 4. How is coloured glass made? 21. 3 SOME IMPORTANT CHEMICALS A large number of chemicals are used in industry and in our homes for various purposes. In this section we would learn about some such useful chemicals. 21. 3. 1 Washing soda Washing soda is used for washing of clothes. It is because of this chemical used that the clothes washed by a washerman appear so white. Chemically, washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3. 10H2O). It is an important chemical required as basic raw material in hundreds of industries. Now let us learn about the raw materials used in its manufacture and how is it manufactured. a) Raw materials required: The raw materials required to manufacture washing soda are Lime stone is calcium carbonate (CaCO3) Sodium chloride (NaCl) in the form of brine Ammonia (NH3) b) Manufacture: Washing soda is manufactured by Solvay process. In this process, firstly, carbon dioxide is obtained by heating limestone strongly. CaCO3 CaO + CO2 lime stone quick lime carbon dioxide Materials in Our Daily Life : 101 : It is then passed through cold brine (a solution of concentrated NaCl in water), which has previously been saturated with ammonia. NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + NH3(g) + H2O(l) NaHCO3(s) + NH4Cl(aq) Sodium chloride ammonia sodium hydrogen carbonate ammonium chloride NaHCO3 being sparingly soluble in water, crystallizes out. It is calcinated (heated strongly in a furnace) to get sodium carbonate. 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 H2O Ammonia used in this process is regenerated by first converting the quicklime obtained earlier with water and then reacting it with ammonium chloride obtained from carbonating tower. CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 quick lime slaked lime Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl ammonium chloride CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O calcium chloride c) Uses: Washing soda is used in the manufacture of glass, water glass, caustic soda, borax and soap powders. It is also used for the softening of water, as laboratory reagent and as a starting material for the preparation of a number of other sodium compounds. Of course, its most common use in laundry is for washing of fabrics and clothes from which it gets its name. 21. 3. 2 Baking soda You must have seen your mother using baking soda while cooking some dals. If you ask her why she uses it, she would tell that it helps in cooking some items faster which otherwise would take much longer time. Chemically, baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate and its formula is NaHCO3. a) Manufacture: You have already learned in the previous section that it is the primary product of the Solvay process used to manufacture washing soda. It gives small white crystals sparingly soluble in water. Its solution in water is alkaline in nature. b) Uses: Baking soda is mainly used in the baking industry. When sodium hydrogen carbonate or its solution is heated, it gives off carbon dioxide. It is this carbon dioxide which raises the dough during baking. The sodium carbonate produced during the heating of sodium hydrogen carbonate gives bitter taste. Therefore, usually baking powder is used, which is a mixture of baking soda, NaHCO3 and an acid like tartaric acid. The latter is added to neutralize the sodium carbonate formed in the reaction given above, to avoid its bitter taste. You must have eaten cakes. They are made so soft and fluffy by using baking powder. Baking soda is also used in medicines to neutralize the excessive acidity in the stomach. Mixed with a solid acid such as citric or tartaric acid, it finds use in effervescent drinks used to cure indigestion. Another important use of baking soda is in certain types of fire extinguishers about which you have already learned in lesson 14. : 102 : Materials in Our Daily Life 21. 3. 3 Bleaching powder Have you ever wondered at the whiteness of a new white cloth? How is it made so white? It is done by bleaching the cloth at the time of its manufacture. Bleaching is a process of removing colour from a cloth to make it whiter. Bleaching powder has been used for this purpose since long. Chemically, it is calcium oxychloride and its formula is CaOCl2. Now we shall learn about the raw materials required for its manufacture and how it is manufactured from them. a) Raw materials required: The raw materials required for manufacture of bleaching powder are Slaked lime, Ca(OH)2 Chlorine gas, Cl2 b) Manufacture: It is prepared in a vertical tower made of cast iron with inlets for chlorine and hot air near the base. The dry slaked lime, calcium hydroxide, is fed into the chlorinating tower from the top. It moves downward slowly and meets the upcoming current of chlorine. As a result of the reaction between them it is converted into bleaching powder which collects at the bottom. CaOCl2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 c) Uses: It is used mainly for bleaching cotton, linen and wood pulp in textile and paper factories. Apart from this, it is used as a disinfectant and germicide for the sterilization of water, in rendering wool unshrinkable and for the manufacture of chloroform. It also finds use as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries. 1. 3. 4 Plaster of Paris You must have seen beautiful designs made on the ceiling and walls of rooms in many houses. They are made with Plaster of Paris, also called POP. a) Manufacture: It is manufactured from gypsum which is hydrated calcium sulphate (CaSO4. 2H2O) found in nature. When gypsum is heated at about 325 K, it loses part of its water of crystallization to f orm CaSO4. ?H2O or 2CaSO4. H2O which is plaster of Paris. When made into a paste with a little water, Plaster of Paris sets to a hard mass, which expand with hardening. b) Uses: Plaster of Paris finds use in making casts and patterns. It is used for making plaster casts to hold fractured bones in position while they set. It is also used for making chalks for writing on blackboard. Now a days it is increasingly being used for plastering the walls, pillars and ceilings and to make ornamental patterns on them. CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 21. 3 1. What is the common name of NaHCO3? 2. Name the process used for manufacture of washing soda? 3. Which chemical can be used for removing stains of ink from clothes? 4. What is the chemical formula of Plaster of Paris? Materials in Our Daily Life : 103 : 21. FIBRES: NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC Fibre is a fine thread like material, like cotton, which is woven or knitted into a cloth. We need different types of clothes, such as cotton, silk, nylon, polyester, etc. to suit different weather conditions. Fibres are made of polymers. Cotton consists of cellulose. Some of these like cotton, wool and silk are obtained from nature. They are called natural fibres. Many of them are man-made like nylon , polyester, terylene, liakra, etc. They are called synthetic fibres. 21. 4. 1 Polymers Many things that we see around us and use are polymers. We use plastic buckets, containers, electrical switches, etc. The clothes that we wear are made of polymers like cotton, wool, terylene, etc. Polymers are big molecules which are formed when a large number of small molecules join one another. The word polymer means many parts. The small molecules which make a polymer are called monomers. For example, ethene (C2H4) molecules join together and form the polymer known as polythene. a) Nylon: Nylon is a polymer of small monomeric units called amide (-CO-NH-) i. e. it is a polyamide. It is prepared by reaction of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Terylene is crease resistant, durable and is not damaged by insects like moths and by mildew (fungi that form a white growth on plants and materials like cloth and paper). b) Polysters: Polyesters are another category of polymers. One important member of this family is dacron which is also known as terylene. It is prepared by reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. It is crease resistant, durable and is not damaged by insects like moths and mildew. Therefore, it is suitable for making garments because they can be set into permanent creases and pleats. It has also been used to repair or replace segments of blood vessels. In the form of thin sheets it is used for manufacture of adhesive tapes and recording tapes. 21. 4. 2 Rubber a) Natural rubber: Natural rubber is chemically poly-cis-isoprene which is formed from the monomer isoprene. It comes from the sap of the Para rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. Trees are tapped by making a spiral cut through the bark. The sap is called latex. It is a white milky liquid. It is a suspension of tiny particles of rubber in water. These particles can be separated when acid is added to it and solid rubber is obtained. Raw rubber is soft and pliable i. e. it can be easily bent. It does not possess the main property that we associate with rubber, elasticity i. e. the ability to return to its original shape after stretching. Rubber is made elastic by heating it with a small amount (1 to 3%) of sulphur. This process is known as vulcanization. Apart from sulphur other substances are also added to natural rubber to modify its properties. Carbon black is added to make it stronger, flexible and more resistant to wear and tear. For making car tyres, 2 parts of rubber are mixed : 104 : Materials in Our Daily Life ith 1 part carbon black. If flexibility is not important fillers, such as clay or chalk, are added to make rubber hard and stiff. Rubber for floor tiles and mats contains fillers of this type. b) Synthetic rubber: Synthetic rubber supplements the natural rubber and helps save precious trees. Its properties are similar and sometimes better than those of natural rubber. The most common variety of syn thetic rubber is made from the monomer butadiene CH2CH. CH. CH2. It can be vulcanized just like natural rubber. It has particularly good resistance to wear and tear, which makes it especially useful for making tyres. Other types of synthetic rubbers are made by mixing other monomers like styrene and chloroprene (commonly known as neoprene) with butadiene. 21. 4. 3 Plastics You must be using comb, toothbrush, jars and buckets in your house. All these items of daily use are made of plastic. Plastics are synthetic or mans are divinyl ethers, cyclopropane, etc. They are used during major surgical operations. Some anaesthetics like Novocain and Xylocaine which show their effect in a limited area are called local anaesthetics. They are used during small surgical operations and tooth extraction. 21. 5. 2 Antibiotics Antibiotics are medicines which are used to kill bacteria, fungi and moulds. The first antibiotic discovered was penicillin which is very effective for pneumonia, bronchitis, sore throat, etc. Ampicillin is a slight modification of penicillin. It has wider applications. Other commonly used antibiotics are streptomycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. 21. 5. 3 Analgesics Analgesics are used for relieving pain. Aspirin, paracetamol, morphine are some examples of analgesics. They must be used only under medical supervision. 21. 5. 4 Antacids Antacids are used to treat acidity in stomach. Digene, ranitidine and omeprazole are some examples of antacids. 21. 5. 5 Antipyretics Antipyretics are the medicines which are used to bring down body temperature in high fever. Their administration leads to perspiration which brings down the temperature. Common examples are aspirin, paracetamol, analgin and phenacetin. In this section you learned about some important types of medicines. However, it must be remembered that medicines hould always be taken on the advice of a doctor. CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 21. 5 1. What is the use of the drug paracetamol? 2. What is the use of ranitidine? 3. Name an antibiotic. 4. Which types of medicines are used for relieving pain? 21. 6 HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MAN-MADE MATERIALS In this lesson you have learnt about various materials that are useful to us. Many of them are obtained from natural resources while a large number of them are man-made. These days the latter are being used extensively. However, after use their disposal becomes a problem. Many of them are toxic in nature and pollute air and water. Some of them are so stable that they are not degraded easily and they get accumulated in the environment. Such materials should be recycled in order to avoid such problems. In the next lesson you will learn about the harmful effects of man-made materials and the related environmental problems in detail. : 106 : Materials in Our Daily Life LET US REVISE Of all the materials that we see around us some are obtained from nature while others are prepared by man. Candles are made from a mixture of paraffin wax and stearic acid. Inks are coloured fluids or pastes that are used for writing or printing. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids while detergents are sodium or potassium salts of long chain sulphonic acids. Detergents can give lather even with hard water whereas soaps cannot. Safety matches have a mixture of potassium chlorate and antimony trisulphide and glue at the head of match sticks and a mixture of red phosphorus and powdered glass on the striking surface. The heat generated when the match stick is struck starts the ignition. Cement is one of the most important building material manufactured from limestone, clay and gypsum. Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand gravel and water. It sets to an extremely hard structure. Glass is prepared by heating a mixture of washing soda, limestone and sand in a furnace. Soda glass is used for manufacture of bottles, ordinary crockery, laboratory apparatus, etc. Hard glass is made by using potassium carbonate in place of sodium carbonate. It can withstand very high temperatures and is used for making laboratory apparatus. Borosilicate glass is sodium aluminium borosilicate and can withstand rapid heating and cooling. It is used for making kitchen and laboratory ware. Flint glass is used for making lenses, prisms, spectacles, etc. Coloured glass is made by adding small quantities of oxides of different metals. Fibre glass is a mass of fine threads of glass used as an insulating material for heat, electricity and sound and reinforcing plastics and rubber. Washing soda (Na2CO3. 10H2O) is prepared by Solvay process. It is used in the manufacture of glass, caustic soda, borax and soap powders. It is used for softening of water, as a laboratory reagent and as a starting material for many sodium compounds. Baking soda (NaHCO3) is the primary product of Solvay process. It is mainly used in baking industry and in fire extinguishers. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid. Bleaching powder (CaOCl2) is prepared by mixing chlorine and slaked lime. It is used for bleaching cotton, linen and wood pulp and for sterilization of water. Plaster of Paris (CaSO4. ?H2O) is prepared by heating gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O). It is used for making casts and patterns and for plastering the walls, pillars and ceilings and to make ornamental patterns on them. Materials in Our Daily Life : 107 : Polymers are big molecules formed when a large number of small molecules join together. Cotton, wool, terylene, etc. are some polymers. Nylon, polyesters, rubber and plastics are some important polymers. Medicine is a substance used for treating diseases or illness. Anaesthetics, antibiotics, analgesics, antacids and antipyretics are some important types of drugs that are used. TERMINAL EXERCISES A. Multiple choice type questions. Choose the correct answer of the following: 1. The glass that can withstand rapid heating and cooling without breaking is (a) hard (b) soda-lime glass (c) borosilicate (d) flint 2. Novocain is an (a) antipyretic (b) analgesic (c) anaesthetic (d) antibiotic 3. Chloramphenicol is an (a) antibiotic (b) antipyretic (c) antacid (d) analgesic 4. Which of the following is not a raw material required for manufacture of washing soda? (a) Lime stone (b) Ammonia (c) Slaked lime (d) Sodium chloride 5. Which of the following is a man-made material? (a) Glass (b) Wood (c) Leather (d) Silk B. Descriptive type questions. 1. What are candles made of ? 2. What are the basic materials used for the manufacture of soaps? 3. What is concrete? 4. Mention two uses of bleaching powder. 5. Name the two substances used for making nylon. 6. For printing purpose why is ink used in the form of thick paste? 7. How striking the matchstick on the side of the matchbox helps in lighting it? . Why is gypsum added to the powdered clinkers during manufacture of cement? 9. Mention four uses of washing soda. 10. Give two examples each of antibiotics and analgesics. 11. What is an antipyretic? Give two examples. 12. What is vulcanization process? Why is natural rubber vulcanized? 13. List the raw materials required for manufacture of bleaching powder and desc ribe its process of manufacture. 14. How is Plaster of Paris manufactured? Give its two uses. 15. Name three plastics and give one use of each one of them. 16. What is a candle made of? Explain the process of lighting it. 108 : Materials in Our Daily Life 17. Differentiate between soaps and detergents. Why soaps do not form lather with hard water while detergents can? 18. List the raw materials required for the manufacture of cement. Describe the process of manufacture of cement briefly. 19. How is soda-lime glass manufactured? Describe briefly. What changes are made in the raw materials in the manufacture of optical glass and Borosil glass? How is colour imparted to glass? 20. Describe the process of manufacture of washing soda giving appropriate chemical equations. Mention two of its uses. 21. What are the monomeric units of polythene and polyvinyl chloride? Give three uses of each of these. ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 21. 1 1. Natural materials: Any two of the following – wood, silk, cotton, leather and rubber Man-made materials: Any two of the following – synthetic textiles like terylene and nylon, cement, glass, plastics, dyes, soap, detergents, fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides. Candles are made from mixtures of paraffin wax and stearic acid. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. No, because soap is precipitated out as salts of calcium and potassium in hard water. Safety matches Sand and water Borosilicate glass To increase the strength of cement By adding small quantities of different metals Baking soda Solvay process Bleaching powder CaSO4. H2O or CaSO4. 1/2H2O Monomer is a substance whose small molecules combine with one another and make a polymer. Isoprene To make rubber elastic Polyvinyl chloride 2. 3. 4. 5. 21. 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 21. 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 21. 4 1. 2. 3. 4. Materials in Our Daily Life : 109 : 21. 5 1. 2. 3. 4. As an antipyretic or to get relief from fever It is an antacid used to reduce acidity Ampicillin or penicillin Analgin or analgesic GLOSSARY Analgesics: Medicines which are used for relieving pain. Antacids: Medicines which are used to treat acidity in stomach. Antibiotics: Medicines which are used to kill bacteria, fungi and moulds. Antipyretics: Medicines which are used to bring down body temperature in high fever. Bakelite: Phenol-formaldehyde resin made by reacting phenol and formaldehyde. Baking powder: Mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid. Baking soda: Common name of NaHCO3. Bleaching powder: Common name of CaOCl2. Borosilicate glass (Borosil glass): Sodium aluminium borosilicate and can withstand rapid heating and cooling. Concrete: Mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water. Dacron: Polyester prepared by reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Detergents: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain sulphonic acids. Fibre glass: Mass of fine threads of glass used as an insulating material for heat, electricity and sound and reinforcing plastics and rubber. Flint or optical glass: Lead-potash lime glass which is used for making lenses, prisms, spectacles, etc. General anaesthetics: Those drugs which result in loss of sensation and consciousness in the entire body. Hard glass: Variety of glass that can withstand very high temperatures. Ink: Coloured fluid or a paste, which is used for writing or printing. Local anaesthetics: Drugs which show their effect in a limited area. Man-made materials: Materials which are prepared by man. Medicine: Substance used for treating diseases or illness. Monomers: Small molecules which make a polymer by joining one another. Natural materials: Materials which we get from nature. Nylon: Polymer of small monomeric units called amide (-CO-NH-) i. e. it is a polyamide Plaster of Paris: Common name of CaSO4 ? H2O. : 110 : Materials in Our Daily Life Polymers: Big molecules formed when a large number of small molecules join together. Polythene: Polymer made from ethene (CH2=CH2). Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): Polymer is made from the monomer vinyl chloride (CH2=CHCl). Reinforced Concrete Cement (RCC): Concrete that is strengthened by filling it around or over a network of steel rods and allowing it to set. Rubber: Chemically poly-cis-isoprene which is formed from the monomer isoprene. Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. Synthetic rubber: Made from the monomer butadiene (CH2CH. CH. CH2). Vulcanization: The rocess of heating of rubber with a small amount (1-3%) of sulphur to make it elastic. Washing soda: Common name of Na2CO310H2O

Summary of 20 Hours in America Season 4 of West Wing Assignment

Summary of 20 Hours in America Season 4 of West Wing - Assignment Example He is later presented with the news about the efforts made by the Qumar Government to launch an inquiry into the plane crash they instigated. Thoughts race through his seemingly disturbed mind until his confidant assures him about the successful cover-up on the events preceding the plane crash. The drama plays out when Qumar releases a false claim that the crash was instigated by a false flag operation that aimed at fuelling tensions between the Americans and the Israelis. In a show of solidarity, the President’s confidants agree with the report, further dismissing them as false evidence despite their knowledge of what transpired. Furthermore, Bartlet finds a secretary, while CJ introduces Anthony to a big brother, Charlie. After Simon’s death, Anthony’s mentorship was gone. Deeper into the episode, a report is unveiled of two pipe bomb explosions. The tragedy occurred during a college fun day, thus killing and injuring 44 and 100 people respectively. The news of the tragic event sent chills in the administration. This presented a perfect chance for Sam to tailor a speech for this tragic development. He writes a motivational and inspirational that the President delivers. The speech was apolitical, made to express the need for healing within the nation. The episode ends with a shot of DC sunrise. Donna, Josh, and Toby alight from their shuttle bus and walk to work. They forget about the on-going elections. They are embroiled in discussing the ideal structure and responsibility of the American government.